This article is taken directly from “A Twentieth Century History of Marshall County,” written by Daniel McDonald. Although McDonald is adept at expressing himself, I have edited lightly. Here he takes on a contemporary fashion craze – bloomer suits. Bloomers were known as “Turkish Pants,” hence the editorial rant below.

The bloomer costume for ladies, which created much excitement throughout America during 1851, was just then being introduced in Plymouth. On this topic, the editor of The Pilot delivered himself as follows:

“New Dress – The bloomer costume is decidedly an improvement upon the dress of the female portion of the community. It is light, graceful and seraphic, well suited to the female figure. It will be welcomed by all the lovers of taste and refinement in the fashionable world. The Asian societies have long been celebrated for their beauty, polished manners and splendid attire. Our rivers will now be the Golden Horn; our valleys the Valley of Sweet Waters and our Seas the Bosphorus of the Turkish capital. A voyage to Constantinople will be useless. We may now take our siesta in the gay pavilion, and glide over the moonlit waters in the light caique (skiff)! Come ladies, step forth in your gorgeous apparel, decked with rose of gold and leaves of silver, and gladden our hearts with sweet smiles.”

Evidently, this was a facetious way the editor had of poking fun at the “costume” and killing it before the fad got a fair start here. At any rate, that was perhaps the result of it. Apparently, only one or two Plymouth ladies had the courage to procure bloomer suits and attempt to introduce them by wearing them as they would other female apparel. When they appeared in the streets, it was reported that they were objects of much curiosity—as if they had been untamed animals from Borneo. There is no easier way to kill anything that the people do not take very kindly to than to make fun of it, just as the editor of The Pilot did in his hifalutin article above quoted. At least that was what happened to the bloomer costume. McDonald might say, “It disappeared from the social horizon like the morning mist before the rays of the rising sun.”

Suffice it to say, ladies’ apparel has come a long, long way. If you want more commentary on life in Marshall County in the 1800s, McDonald’s book is for sale in our Museum Shop. Stop in anytime between 10 and 4 on Tuesday through Saturday and pick up your copy. The Museum is located at 123 N. Michigan St. in Plymouth. Call us at 574-936-2306.

The iconic cupid of Valentines Day, with a cherubic face and angelic wings, began as the Greek god, Eros. He was the son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and procreation. Cupid is known to shoot two types of arrows, one to cause people to fall in love, and one to make them hate each other. We’ve compiled some fun and interesting Valentine’s Day info from the web!

Candy hearts began with a Boston pharmacist Oliver Chase. He invented a machine that produced small medical lozenges for the throat. When he saw how popular they were, he turned them into candy with cute messages on them.

Of course, chocolate is a huge part of Valentine’s Day now, but it has a sad beginning. Physicians in the old days would recommend chocolate to people suffering from a broken heart or pining for a lost love. It was Richard Cadbury, a British chocolatier, who invented the first chocolate box. Always the businessman, he realized that he could capitalize on Valentine’s Day by producing chocolate boxes and marketing them as something to be given to your sweetheart.

Valentine’s Day is not celebrated the same way all over the world. In Japan for instance, on February 14th, women give gifts and chocolates to their male companions. The men don’t reciprocate until March 14, which is known as “White Day.” On Valentine’s Day in England, women used to place five bay leaves on their pillows. This was done with an aim to bring dreams of their future husbands. In Norfolk, England, Jack Valentine acts as a Santa for Valentine’s Day. Children anxiously wait for the treats, though they don’t get to see Old Father Valentine. In many places, Valentine’s Day is also celebrated as the beginning of spring.

Venus, the goddess of love, adored red roses, making them a perfect symbol to express love for another person. To the Victorians, the deeper the rose color, the deeper the passion. A white rose would have been appropriate for a young girl or woman who had not felt passionate love. In a contradiction, the white rose symbolized soul-deep love and marriage. White roses are often referred to as “bridal roses.”

Saint Valentine, for whom the holiday is named, defied the emperor Claudius of Rome. Marriage was outlawed because the emperor believed single men made better soldiers. Saint Valentine performed weddings in secret in defiance of the unfair law. Pope Gelasius later declared the Valentine’s Day holiday in 498 A.D.

Another fun fact. Penicillin, the world’s first antibiotic and one of the greatest scientific discoveries, was introduced to the world on Valentine’s Day. Alexander Fleming was the Scottish physician-scientist who was recognized for discovering penicillin. The simple discovery and use of the antibiotic agent has saved millions of lives and earned Fleming – together with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who devised methods for the large-scale isolation and production of penicillin – the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.

In one ironic twist, Alexander Graham Bell applied for the patent to the telephone on February 14th, 1876, never imagining that it would become the biggest medium for sending Valentine’s Day greetings almost 150 years later.

As for sending cards, Valentine’s Day is second only to Christmas in the number of cards sent around the world. Today, most cards are mass-produced and generally the selection is pretty sparce by the 14th. Artist Esther Howland was one of the first American printers to start producing Valentine’s Day cards beginning in the 1850s. Ornate cards trimmed with lace became treasured mementos, but why lace? Lace is commonly used in making bouquets of roses and in other items during Valentine’s Day. The word ‘lace’ comes from the Latin word ‘laques’ which means to snare or trap a person’s heart. Isn’t that fitting?

We sign our valentines with Xs and Os to send kisses and hugs. This is not the letter X’s original purpose. In medieval times, most people could not read or write. If a need arose to sign their name, most would simple mark an X. To show affection and loyalty, the writer would kiss the X on the paper before sending.

The often-heard term “wear your heart on your sleeve” began with an old custom. People would pick a name out of a bowl to see who their valentine would be. They would then pin the paper to their sleeve for everyone to see.

The oldest known valentine still in existence today is perhaps a poem written in 1415 by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. A lot of his poetry was not so cheerful as he wasn’t released until 1440, and the poem below was written after his wife died.

Let men and women of Love’s party
Choose their St. Valentine this year!
I remain alone, comfort stolen from me
On the hard bed of painful thought.

The Museum is home to a large selection of antique and vintage valentines, although not currently on display. You can still come see our treasures, perhaps as a lovely museum date! The Museum is open from 10 until 4 from Tuesday through Saturday at 123 N. Michigan St., Plymouth. For more information, call 574-936-2306.

On December 11, 1816, Indiana became the 19th state to join the Union. The journey to statehood was long with several hurdles along the way. In honor of Indiana’s 209th birthday, we retell the story of our state. Today, we are known for our demonym “Hoosier,” corn, the Indy 500, our sports teams and more. Our history, however, spans thousands of years, starting with Paleo-Indians who roamed the Americas, including present-day Indiana, around 8000 BC following the end of the Ice Age.

Paleo-Indians were nomadic hunter-gatherers who used stone tools and hunted large game animals (you can learn about the Ice Age in our Prehistoric Animals book, available now in our store).  There is evidence of more permanent habitation around 5000 BC with earthen mounds that were used for habitats, ceremonies and temples. The Hopewell People around 1000 BC grew various crops, created pottery and engaged in trade. Between 1000 and 1450 AD, there was a Mississippian settlement near Evansville, Indiana on the Ohio River. They created complex mounds and earthworks that aligned with celestial events with incredible precision. You can visit this archaeological site today.

In the 17th century, French explorers reached present-day South Bend and traded with Native Americans for highly desired fur skins. French and French Canadians soon established trading posts, and some tried to control Native trade routes. When the British arrived, they also wanted control of the fur trade. The Natives sided with the French in these tensions and eventually went to war against the British. When the British won the French and Indian War in 1763, all French lands east of the Mississippi River and northwest of the colonies were ceded. The Crown proclaimed the land west of the Appalachians as “Indian Territory” and did not allow colonists to settle there, angering many people.

During the American Revolution, Congress passed a “Resolution on Public Lands” and allowed settlements west of the Appalachians with the intent to create new states. The United States gained its independence in 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. In 1787, present-day Indiana became part of the “Northwest Territory.” The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 gave this territory a government and a process to create states if they met certain stipulations. To apply for statehood, you had to have sixty thousand people or more, prohibit slavery and have a bill of rights, amongst other things. This land would eventually become Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois.

In 1800, Congress divided the land again into the Northwest Territory, which would become Ohio three years later, and the rest was the Indiana Territory. The territories would be divided and changed many times as new states formed. The Indiana Territory was governed by William Henry Harrison, and its capital was Vincennes. In August 1804, Harrison called for an election to see if voters wanted a state government. By December, Harrison proclaimed that the Indiana Territory would have a General Assembly, moving it one step closer to statehood.

By 1809, the borders of our state were outlined with the formation of the Michigan and Illinois Territories. Ohio was still the only state that had formed from the original Northwest Territory, however. Becoming a state was controversial. Some people wanted to continue slavery, and some did not want the increased taxes and costs that came with statehood. It also meant leaders would be far away in Washington, making it difficult to communicate with them. Statehood slowly chugged along, and fighting between settlers and Natives continued.

In 1811, the Indiana General Assembly voted 4-3 to petition Congress for statehood. Congress denied their petition until the state’s population reached 35,000. Efforts were abandoned by the territory due to a lack of money and the beginning of the War of 1812. During this time, the territory’s capital was moved to Corydon because it was more central and less likely to be attacked by the Natives after the Battle of Tippecanoe.

The General Assembly petitioned for statehood yet again in 1815. With 63,000 people, we were above the minimum population. The only thing left was to form a constitution, which President Madison allowed by signing the Enabling Act in May 1816. The constitutional convention was led by Jonathon Jennings and continued through August, when Jennings himself was elected as the first governor of Indiana. While writing it, there were heated debates. Ultimately, the constitution did not allow for women or people of color to vote. It prohibited slavery within Indiana. It was also the first state to start a state-funded school system, which is now Indiana University. That November, we held our first General Assembly under the 1816 Constitution. Finally, on December 11, 1816, President Madison admitted Indiana into the Union as the 19th state!

For those curious, Indianapolis became our capital in 1825 after it was chosen and built in 1821 for its central location. Visit the Museum from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm, Tuesday through Saturday to learn about early Marshall County. The Museum is located at 123 N. Michigan St., Plymouth. Call us at 574-936-2306.